©️ Anne-Marie Fawcett 2020
Rev. G.H Marshall
In 1931 a new vicar, the Reverend George Herbert Marshall, was taking up residence at the Holy Trinity vicarage on Dale Street, Ossett. Few in town knew then, or even now, of his connection to Baron Manfred von Richthofen, aka the Red Baron; the Prussian aristocrat who was said to be the deadliest flying ace of World War I.
I aim to try and change that.
On July 15 1889, George Herbert Marshall was born at Old Royd, Heptonstall, situated in the hillside above the Calder Valley, and he was baptised at St James’s Church¹, Heptonstall on September 17 that same year.
George was the fourth of five sons born to Richard Marshall and Annie Elizabeth Gomm who had married on Christmas Day 1882. Whilst their sons flourished,their only daughter Clara, died in 1888 before she reached her first birthday.
In 1892 George’s father moved his family to Bankfoot House, Hebden Bridge, where he set up in business as a corn dealer.
As the boys grew older, George and his youngest brother, Norman, attracted the attention of the Reverend Sidney Marshall Smith, who was then the vicar of Hebden Bridge, and he encouraged them to enter the ministry.
George matriculated at the University of Manchester and in 1912 he took his Bachelor of Arts degree. A year later he became a Master of Arts. He studied for Holy Orders at Egerton Hall, a new theological college in Manchester, and in 1913 he became a deacon, licensed to the curacy at Kirkburton, Huddersfield. The following year he qualified as a priest.
During his time at university, George had been recruited by its Officer Training Corps. In the first sixth months or so of WW1 over 20,000 officers and more than 12,000 other ranks were recruited from British universities.
On May 13 1915 George was commissioned as a Chaplain of the Armed Forces² with the rank of captain. On July 15 1915, instead of celebrating his 26th birthday, George embarked on the journey to Gallipoli with the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force. According to the requirements of King’s Regulations, his role was to “conduct the army’s compulsory religious services and bury its dead.”
THE ARMY CHAPLAIN
On August 23 1915 George joined the British 13th (Western) Division. Up to then he had, for the most part, been acting as chaplain to one of the hospital ships, with the Australian troops, and had been in the trenches with them until he was taken ill with enteric and dysentery.³ When the troops were evacuated from Gallipoli on January 8 – 9 1916, George went with them. He was still attached to the 13th Division and was with them throughout the Mesopotamia campaign. The British Army in Mesopotamia would grow to about 440,000 men with almost three quarters of those who fought from the Indian Army.
The 13th Division was sent to relieve Kut al-Amara in Iraq and it was during this journey that George spotted a wounded officer laying out in the open and in obvious imminent danger. For more than an hour, using an entrenching tool, George worked to build a protective shield over him; all the while in full view of the enemy. A bullet struck the shield but all that George said was: “Not this time Brother Turk”. The officer he was protecting stated that it was a mystery to him how George escaped being hit.
The relief force never reached the British troops at Kut al-Amara who were, by then, starving⁴ and desperately running low on ammunition. The British Army did make several attempts to lift the siege but all were unsuccessful and on April 29 1916, after 147 days, they surrendered to the Turks. At that time, it was the longest siege in British Army history.
At home in Hebden Bridge, in May 1916, Richard Marshall received a letter from his son George saying that he was in hospital with fever. George had contracted typhoid and was hospitalised in India from where he was subsequently sent home to England.
George spent time at the Third London General Hospital in Wandsworth. The hospital had been the Royal Victoria Patriotic School but was requisitioned in August 1914 by the War Ministry and the children transferred to local houses nearby. There is no record of George having been the chaplain of this hospital which leads me to deduce that he was there as a patient. I have to wonder if this is where he first met Irene Carruthers, his future wife, who was by this time a qualified nurse. The medical staff were seconded from the Middlesex Hospital, St Mary’s Hospital and University College Hospital. It is quite possible that Irene could have been among those seconded.
This postcard shows a balloon view of the 3rd London General Hospital, Wandsworth. The railway lines which delivered wounded troops can be seen to the south, the overflow tent-wards towards the north.
The former hospital is now known as the Royal Victoria Patriotic Building, a complex of apartments, workshops, studios, a drama school and a restaurant.
Upon leaving Wandsworth, George took a post as chaplain at the Guards Training Depot at Caterham in Surrey.⁵
In the London Gazette of December 22 1916 George was mentioned in despatches for his heroic actions in Mesopotamia (Iraq). British commanders-in-chief of a theatre of war or campaign were obliged to report their activities and achievements to the War Office in the form of despatches, which were published in The Gazette.
On April 25 1917, George was summoned to Buckingham Palace where King George V invested him as a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order. The DSO is awarded for meritorious or distinguished service by officers of the armed forces during wartime, typically in actual combat, serving under fire, and usually awarded to those above the rank of captain.
In October 1917, George was stationed in France, as the chaplain to the GHQ Machine Gun School in Wisques. The British Expeditionary Force had established the school three years earlier to train new regimental officers and machine gunners. From there George joined the Royal Flying Corps, 101 Squadron at Bertangles as their chaplain. The RFC had formed at Farnborough on July 12 1917 and it was only two weeks later that it moved to France to operate as a night bomber squadron.⁶
THE RED BARON
Baron Manfred von Richthofen was born on May 2 1892, into an affluent Prussian family. Growing up in the Silesia region of what is now Poland, he led a life of privilege – playing sports, riding horses and hunting wild game. Under the instructions of his father, he was enrolled in military school at the age of eleven. Shortly before he turned 18, he was commissioned as an officer in the German cavalry.
After the outbreak of WWI, the Baron served on both the Eastern and Western Fronts and he was awarded the Iron Cross for his daring trips, carrying messages along the front lines. In 1915, he transferred to the German air corps, initially serving as an observer and later as a pilot. He crashed during his first solo flight, but his determination eventually caught the attention of Germany’s top ace, Oswald Boelcke, who recruited him for a new fighter squadron.
The Baron claimed his first confirmed aerial victory on September 17 1916. Over a period of 17 months he shot down 80 allied aircraft, though some historians believe the unofficial total to be closer to a hundred. He once said, “I never get into an aircraft for fun. I aim first for the head of the pilot, or rather the head of the observer, if there is one.”
The Baron’s victims were members of the Royal Flying Corps, many of whom were boys, often with barely a dozen flying hours under their belts. The RFC was soon known as “the suicide club” because pilots were only in the air for a maximum of 11 days before they were shot down. The Baron said that the English pilots were “dare devils personified and that their intrepidness made them foes to be respected.”
In January 1917 the Baron was given command of the German squadron Jasta 11. He celebrated the promotion by painting his Albatross biplane red, soon becoming known as The Red Baron. He is reported to have said: “I want them to see me. And I want them to be afraid.” He is reputed to have decorated his walls with the serial numbers of the aircraft he shot down and had a jeweller make him a small silver cup engraved with the date and make of each aircraft. He would eventually acquire sixty cups before a silver shortage eventually put a stop to his commemorative trophies. The killing continued.
THE END OF THE RED BARON
The Red Baron was eventually shot down whilst chasing a British fighter pilot.
In 1997, almost 80 years after his plane was brought down, it was claimed that British flier Captain Tilden Thompson was the pilot who had deliberately lured the German ace into his final dogfight. By flying a two seater spotter plane low over German lines as a decoy, Captain Thompson is said to have set the trap.
Officially, the death of the Red Baron was credited to Canadian pilot Captain Roy Brown. With an advance in ballistics and forensics, it is now considered by some military historians that the Red Baron was actually killed by an Australian machine gunner, firing from the ground. Lewis gunners attached to the 3 Squadron Australian Flying Corp were firing at the Red Baron when his machine spun to earth. Although he was shot in the torso the Baron still managed to land his plane but soon died from his wounds.
Captain George Herbert Marshall was still serving as chaplain to the Royal Flying Corps 101 Squadron at the time that the Red Baron was shot down. He was the closest Anglican chaplain to the scene and, as the Baron was a protestant, George was given the duty of officiating at his burial.
On April 21 1918, the Allies recovered the body of the Red Baron from a field in Vaux sur Somme, France.
These stills are taken from rare film footage showing Rev George Herbert Marshall walking at the head of the funeral procession ahead of the service which took place with full military honours. Watch the full video here
A crowd of soldiers and several townspeople gathered around as a eulogy was given by George, and then the coffin was lowered into the grave.
The brass plate on the coffin said that Baron von Richthofen was killed in action and that he was 25 years old.
A firing party, comprising Australian forces, fired three volleys and a bugler sounded the last post.
AFTER WW1
Rev. George Marshall later proceeded to the 18th Division, where he remained during the allied retreat of March 1918 and the subsequent victorious advance. Demobilisation began on December 10 1918 and by March 1919 the division ceased to exist. As well as the DSO, George was awarded the Victory and British Medals and the 1915 Star. After the war, George returned to Kirkburton and to his wife, Irene. At the age of 28, George had married 36 year old Irene at Westminster St James the Less. At the time of their marriage, on February 5 1918, Irene gave her address as 165 Vauxhall Bridge Road, Pimlico, just five minutes from St James’s. Home on leave from the war, George’s address at that time was “Ivy Bank”, Hebden Bridge.
Irene was the daughter of Scotsman, Rev George Thomas Carruthers MA, and his second wife Elizabeth (née Cartwright). Rev Carruthers had been a senior chaplain in the Bengal Ecclesiastical Establishment and several of Irene’s siblings were born in India but Irene was born in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk on November 20 1881. By the time she was 18, both of her parents had died and Irene, with her sister Mabel and their brother Vincent, had moved to Edinburgh where Vincent was studying medicine. But the three siblings were soon separated when Mabel died in 1908 at the age of 31. In 1909 Vincent married and then joined the Royal Army Medical Corps and went to serve in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka).
In 1911 Irene enrolled as a student nurse at the East Suffolk and Ipswich Hospital, Anglesea Road, Ipswich. In June 1919 Rev. George Herbert Marshall DSO., MA became the curate at St Matthew’s, the Anglican Parish Church of Burnley. He and Irene had been there for less than a year when, in early 1920, George was offered the office of the Vicar of Shelley, a church connected to that at Kirkburton. The vacancy arose when Rev. Hay, who had been at Shelley Church for twenty years, moved to Gawthorpe, Ossett.
George was said to have taken a deep interest in the social side of church work and had a strong connection with the Young Men’s Institute. He had also earned the respect of his parishioners and they were sorry to see him move on. He didn’t want them to think that he was keen to leave and explained that the Vicar of Kirkburton and the Bishop of Wakefield were anxious that he should accept the new place at Shelley. George accepted the office and, at Easter that year, he left Lancashire and, with Irene, returned to Yorkshire.
On March 7 1922, whilst at Shelley, George and Irene’s son was born; they named him George Carruthers Marshall. George was the Vicar of Shelley for three years, until June 1 1923, when he was inducted as the Vicar of St Augustine’s Church, Pellon, Halifax. Traditional parish life at St Augustine’s was apparently in decline by this time but, with George’s natural enthusiasm and energy and the support of his wife Irene, the church gradually began to regain something of its former prosperity. Almost a decade after he first arrived, the Easter Sunday Service saw the largest congregation it had had for a quarter of a century, which was further testament to George’s determination and tenacity.
Along with his role of Vicar of St Augustine’s, George acted as chaplain to Alderman Robert Thomas who was the Mayor of Halifax in 1923-24. Both men were strong supporters of missionary work and, whilst at St Augustine’s, George was the Chairman of the Halifax Auxiliary of the Church Missionary Society.⁷
OSSETT
During his time in office at St Augustine’s, George was offered the living at Holy Trinity Church in Ossett but he chose to not accept it. He remained at St Augustine’s for eight years until July 1931 when he was again offered the living at Holy Trinity Church. This time George did accept the offer and he moved with Irene, their son and George’s widowed mother Annie Elizabeth, to the Vicarage on Dale Street.
Thanks to Margaret Nettleton for this photo from a family wedding party in the 1930s. Rev. George Herbert Marshall is sitting at the front, left. The man standing, furthest right is Hugh Noel Conway Davies and was the curate at Holy Trinity Church.
Ossett Through The Ages (OTTA)
A GIFT DAY
Rev. G.H. Marshall is mentioned many times in local newspapers in connection with births, deaths and marriages at Ossett’s Holy Trinity Church. In May 1936, the Rev. G.H. Marshall was mentioned in the Ossett Observer for something entirely different. The church was having a ‘Gift Day’.
Holy Trinity Church was built in 1866 and the total of the construction costs was more than £20,000. Today’s equivalent value is over one and a half million pounds so it’s hardly surprising that 70 years after it was built there was still a deficit of £200 (now just shy of £10,000). A Gift Day was established to raise the £200 needed to pay off the debt. To raise the funds, Rev. George Marshall volunteered to sit in the west end of the church for 24 hours between Friday and Saturday midnight and people took or sent their gifts to him. George had to break off during the day to perform two weddings and the congregation at each contributed generously to the fund. In total 580 people contributed to this novel way of raising funds for the church. Those who donated included many non-church people and many prominent Nonconformists.
The first gift of a shilling was received from an unemployed man and the last came by post from Staincliffe.
After 22 hours the total stood at £170. Mayor Gladstone Moorhouse, who was also the church warden, arrived with over £25 which he had collected from friends. Shortly afterwards the £200 mark was passed and at midnight the total had reached £225.
George was in the newspaper again in September 1936. This time he was explaining why he believed that the lack of trees in the town was connected to the lack of Ossett weddings almost two decades later.
During WW1, Ossett’s many mills had used sulphuric acid in the process of making military uniforms. George explained how the acid, which spewed from the mills, killed off the trees in Ossett, leaving the town with no “Lover’s Lane” and no leafy parks, turning the town into “a cheerless, romance discouraging waste, in which the marriage bells are virtually silent.” George said that the amount of marriages at Holy Trinity Church in 1936 was almost zero. He was reported as saying that he had been “prodding” the Afforestation department of the Ministry of Agriculture to plant some trees in “the one treeless town in Yorkshire.”
George and Irene left Ossett in 1943. In 2001, his son, George Carruthers Marshall remembered his father telling him: “They (3 Squadron Australian Flying Corp) gave my father a cylinder from von Richthofen’s engine, which he kept in a tin box, wrapped in a sack. When he went back into the Army in WW2 he had to leave his Vicarage, so he donated the cylinder to the War Effort Scrap Drive!!!!”
Steel and iron were in short supply and so 1943 saw Ossett taking part in the national drive to collect scrap metal. By recycling unused or unwanted metal the government could build ships, aeroplanes and other equipment needed to fight the war. How ironic then that the Red Baron, indirectly, contributed to the building of Allied aeroplanes.
This photo is in the care of Holy Trinity Church, Ossett. The photographer is unidentified. Thank you to Duncan Smith for bringing it to my attention.
THE ENIGMA CONNECTION
On October 9 1943 George was appointed as Army Chaplain to the Wireless School at Forest Moor near Harrogate. The establishment was part of a network of British signals intelligence collection sites that tracked and intercepted German radio transmissions.
This information was so sensitive that it was taken by motorcycle riders directly to Bletchley Park, home of the famous Enigma; the encoder used by the Germans to encrypt secret messages.
George served at Forest Moor until July 5 1945 when he became the vicar of St Paul’s Church in Alnwick, Northumberland.
1949 CELEBRATION & SADNESS
On April 21 1949 George’s son, George Carruthers Marshall and Ann Moorhouse (the daughter of his old friend Gladstone) were married at Holy Trinity Church. Rev G. H. Marshall officiated at the marriage service. I wonder if he was reminded of a different kind of service from the 31 years earlier. The date chosen by the brude and groom was the 31st anniversary of the death of the Red Baron. I doubt this was a coincidence.
The Yorkshire Post (dated Friday April 22 1949) reported the wedding, saying that the bridegroom had served in the RAF during WW2 and, at the time of his marriage to Ann, was employed on the Duke of Northumberland’s estate where he was engaged in forestry. Perhaps he was inspired by his father?
ALNWICK – HIS FINAL YEARS OF SERVICE
Whilst 1949 was a year for celebration, but it was also a year for mourning when, on September 13th, George’s wife Irene was found dead on the lawn at St Paul’s Vicarage, Alnwick. At an inquest their son George gave evidence, saying that his mother had carried some carpets to the front lawn to be cleaned with a vacuum cleaner. At first it was thought by a maid that Irene had merely fainted. George went out and found her, lying on her back. She was dead and the vacuum cleaner was still running. The pathologist’s report stated that death was due to cerebral haemorrhage.
The last mention in the newspapers of George was a small notice, announcing his death in 1953.
MARSHALL – January 6, aged 63 years, the Rev George Herbert Marshall, of St Paul’s Vicarage, Alnwick, Northumberland, sometime Vicar of St Augustine’s, Halifax and Holy Trinity, Ossett. Service at St Paul’s Church, Alnwick on Friday at 2pm: interment Alnwick Cemetery 2:30pm.
Sources:
The British Newspaper Archive
http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-39644895
http://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p02b3d81
http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/duigan_3squadron_06.html
http://www.awayfromthewesternfront.org
Footnotes
1.The construction of this church holds significant historical significance, as it was consecrated in 1833 by the esteemed Archbishop of York. It stands as one of the notable “Waterloo Churches,” symbolising the reparations paid by the French government following the decisive defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. In commemoration of the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the British Parliament passed the Act for Building New Churches, allocating a substantial £1 million for the purpose of constructing these extraordinary places of worship.
2.During the onset of the war, there were a mere 116 chaplains. These chaplains ventured into overseas service without any specific training or a clear understanding of the challenges that lay ahead. They found themselves in an environment far removed from the comforts of home, which even church members couldn’t fathom. As the war progressed, approximately 4,400 Army Chaplains were recruited, but tragically, 179 of them succumbed while serving their duties on the battlefield. Their sacrifice must never be forgotten.
3.During the entirety of their stay at Gallipoli, the valiant soldiers of the 13th Division remained entrenched, where the dedicated chaplains tirelessly carried out their solemn duties. Despite the challenging circumstances, these men of faith conducted religious services amidst the harsh reality of war, sometimes utilising humble makeshift altars crafted from boxes and bomb fragments. The soldiers, recognising the importance of spiritual solace in the face of imminent danger, would gather in great numbers to partake in these sacred rituals, particularly when their proximity to the enemy presented a constant threat. It is worth noting that the chaplains of the 13th Division endured immense hardships, not only bearing the physical scars of wounds but also battling the invisible ravages of disease. As the year 1916 progressed, the role of chaplains expanded to include preaching the justness of the Allied cause, granting them increased access to the front lines and the ability to serve wherever their superior officers deemed necessary.
4.During the siege of Kut al-Amara, the coexistence of British and Indian soldiers from diverse cultural backgrounds posed a challenge when it came to providing sustenance for the troops. In order to meet the dietary requirements of the soldiers amidst the dire conditions, special permissions were sought from religious leaders in India, allowing their followers to consume food traditionally considered forbidden. This adaptive approach to sustenance was crucial in maintaining the well-being and morale of the besieged troops.
5.For over a century, the depot at Caterham has held significant historical importance, particularly in military contexts. This establishment has witnessed the passage of thousands of recruits, including members of esteemed regiments such as the Grenadiers, Coldstream, Scots, Irish and Welsh Guards. Notably, the Chapel of St. Michael the Archangel, erected between 1885 and 1886, stands as a testament to the remarkable architectural prowess of William Butterfield, a revered figure in Victorian Gothic church architecture.
6.During World War I, the loss of Allied pilots was a tragic reality. Shockingly, approximately 14,000 pilots lost their lives during the war, with more than half of them perishing during training exercises. It is important to note that at the outbreak of the war, aviation was still in its infancy. The aircraft, being barely a decade old and untouched by the horrors of battle, faced numerous challenges. When a fleet of 64 unarmed planes embarked on their journey from England to the Western Front in 1914, it was a remarkable feat just to cover the 21-mile distance across the treacherous Channel.
7.In July 1930, two brave missionaries named Edith Nettleton and her colleague Eleanor June Harrison were tragically taken captive by Chinese bandits. The captors demanded a hefty ransom of £7,500 for their safe release. However, despite efforts to gather the necessary funds, the ransom remained unpaid. As a chilling display of their intent, the bandits sent Miss Nettleton’s severed finger accompanied by ruthless threats that the women would be murdered if their demands were not met. The heartbreaking saga reached its devastating conclusion on October 4, 1930, when the bandits took the lives of these courageous women. Deeply mourned and remembered, a memorial service was held in their honor, led by George. To commemorate the life and sacrifice of Edith Nettleton, a memorial was unveiled in St Augustine’s Church, Halifax, in July 1931. The memory of these courageous missionaries forever serves as a testament to their unwavering dedication and the perils encountered in their noble pursuit of spreading faith and compassion.
©️ Anne-Marie Fawcett
October 2020
ONE OF THE BRAVE
Hugh Noel Conway Davies was the curate of Holy Trinity Church from 1933 to 1936. His role would have been to support Rev. George Herbert Marshall DSO.
Hugh, known as Noel, was born in Llanfynydd, Flintshire in December 1892. Noel’s father was Rev William Taliesin Davies, a clergyman from Caernarvon. Noel’s mother, 37 year old Marie, passed away eighteen months later, just a few weeks after the birth of her sixth child. Subsequently Maria’s cousin, Martha Garlick, moved into The Rectory in Llanfynydd to care for the young, grieving family.
The 1911 census shows that, by the age of 18, Noel was a student at Kelham Hall in Nottingham. Originally this was where the Society of the Sacred Mission prepared students for missionary service. When Noel attended the college they trained clergy for the Church of England. Noel went on to study medicine at Liverpool University.
WW1 SERVICE
By September 1 1915 Noel was serving in France as Private HNC Davies 3856, 12th Battalion Royal Fusiliers. Noel rose to the rank of Corporal and was next attached to the 29th Battalion London Regiment. Serving as a doctor’s medical assistant, Noel was in charge of 30 stretcher bearers. These brave men went over the top of the trenches unarmed, carrying a stretcher and medical supplies.
The Church Family newspaper of Friday 9 March 1917 reported how Noel had been awarded the Military Medal + bar. Instituted in March 1916, this medal was awarded to non-commissioned officers and men of the British Army for acts of bravery during World War I. The addition of the bar indicates a further act of bravery.
On one occasion Noel was responsible for saving the life of a sergeant and several other men of his Company who had been buried in their dug out; digging them out whilst under enemy fire. Another time he went out into ‘No Man’s Land’ and attended to the wounded, again bringing them in whilst under enemy fire. Finally, while his Company was under fire in the trenches, a call came in to say some of their men were struggling to keep hold of a vantage point. They had to move or suffer the consequences but to do so meant leaving behind their wounded. Noel asked for volunteers to help him to bring them back and five went with him and brought them away. Three of those who volunteered were wounded and two were killed.
Not only was Noel awarded the Military Medal but he was also offered a commission which he refused. One can only imagine the pain he must have felt at the loss of the lives of those men who volunteered on his request.
As far as I can tell, the record of Noel’s military service has not survived. About 60% of service records were damaged or destroyed in September 1940 when the War Office in London was bombed. I have managed to find Noel on the Medal Rolls Index and the Service Medal & Award Rolls. He was awarded the Victory & British Medals and the 1914-15 Star.
OSSETT
In 1924 Noel married Ruby Williams in Pembroke and by 1932 they had arrived in Yorkshire. Noel was ordained as a deacon at Wakefield Cathedral in May 1932 and in June the following year he was ordained as a priest. In 1933 he became the curate of Holy Trinity Church. In January 1936 Noel and Ruby left Ossett having accepted the living at St Peter’s at Hartshead where they stayed for the next 20 years.
Noel had a deep interest in history and recorded the history of St Peter’s Church and its links with the Brontës. Reverend Patrick Brontë, father of the famous literary sisters, was incumbent there between 1810 and 1815. Rev Brontë was also incumbent at Dewsbury Parish Church, giving him a connection to Ossett as many of our townsfolk were christened, married or buried there by him. There’s more about the Ossett connection to the Brontës here
Noel also made recordings of the history of Robin Hood and this was even broadcast in America. It is said by some that Robin Hood cut his last arrows from a yew tree in the churchyard of St Peter’s, the dead trunk of which can still be seen standing there today.
In 1956 Noel left Yorkshire when he became the Vicar of St Katherine’s in Teversal, Nottingham. He died in 1959 and is buried in the churchyard there.
This research was done by myself and was originally published on Ossett Through the Ages (OTTA). It belongs to me. I did not give Alan Howe permission to use it to enhance his own website.
In the spirit of collaboration and knowledge sharing, I have always been open to allowing others to reference and cite my work, as long as proper credit is given. However, it deeply concerns me to see my original content being used without permission or acknowledgment.
HORBURY & OSSETT FAMILY & LOCAL HISTORY 
